Saturday, June 21, 2014

condensed matter - Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking Field - Physical Significance.


One way to define spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) is as follows (Morandi, Ercolessi and Napoli, 2001; my wording):



We can define SSB as occurring when: $$\lim_{h\rightarrow 0} \lim_{N\rightarrow \infty} \langle\mathcal{O}\rangle_{N,b}\ne 0\tag{1}$$ where $\mathcal{O}$ is some quantity which is not invariant under the symmetry.



I understand mathematically why this order of limits must be taken (rather then having the $h$ limit first). But why is this the case physically and why does the condition (1) correspond to SSB?




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classical mechanics - Moment of a force about a given axis (Torque) - Scalar or vectorial?

I am studying Statics and saw that: The moment of a force about a given axis (or Torque) is defined by the equation: $M_X = (\vec r \times \...