homework and exercises - Geodesics equations via variational principle

I would like to recover the (timelike) geodesics equations via the variational principle of the following action:

$$ \mathcal{S}[x] = -m \int d\tau = -m \int \sqrt{-g_{\mu\nu}\,dx^{\mu}\,dx^{\nu}} $$

Using an arbitrary auxiliary parameter $\lambda$, then one is able to rewrite the action and obtains: $$ d\tau = \sqrt{-g_{\mu\nu}\, \tfrac{dx^{\mu}}{d\lambda}\tfrac{dx^{\mu}}{d\lambda}} d\lambda $$ $$ -m \int d\tau = -m \int (d\tau / d\lambda) d\lambda = -m\int\sqrt{-g_{\mu\nu}\, \tfrac{dx^{\mu}}{d\lambda}\tfrac{dx^{\mu}}{d\lambda}} d\lambda $$

Now we can vary the paths $x^{\mu}(\tau) \rightarrow x^{\mu}(\tau) + \delta x^{\mu}(\tau)$.

I need the following equation to be true, so i get the geodesics equations, but I don't know how one can say the following: $$ \int d\tau \,\delta g_{\mu\nu}\frac{dx^{\mu}}{d\tau} \frac{dx^{\nu}}{d\tau} = \int d\tau\, g_{\mu\nu, \rho} \frac{dx^{\mu}}{d\tau} \frac{dx^{\nu}}{d\tau} \delta x^{\rho} $$ I know there is a simpler action, which leads to the same equation of motion, but there one has to do the same manipulation, which I sadly don't understand.

Thanks for helping me!

Answer

Your action is: $$ S[x] = -m\int_{\lambda_0}^{\lambda_1}\sqrt{-g_{\mu\nu}(x(\lambda))\, \tfrac{dx^{\mu}}{d\lambda}\tfrac{dx^{\mu}}{d\lambda}} d\lambda $$ and you have to impose $\delta S=0$ with the constraints $\delta x(\lambda_0) =\delta x(\lambda_1) =0$, that mean that the considered curves in the domain of $S$ have fixed endpoints.

To compute $\delta S$ you have to replace $x$ for $x+ \epsilon \delta x$ (so $\frac{dx}{d\lambda}$ must be replaced for $\frac{dx}{d\lambda} + \epsilon\frac{d \delta x}{d\lambda}$ ) and finally to compute the derivative respect to $\epsilon$ for $\epsilon=0$.

$$\delta S[x] = \frac{d}{d\epsilon}|_{\epsilon=0} S[x+ \epsilon \delta x]\:.$$

The computation leads to (assuming that $g$ and the curves are $C^1$, these curves defined on the compact $[\lambda_0,\lambda_2]$ one can safely swap the symbol of integral with that of $\epsilon$ derivative, essentially by a known theorem by Lebesgue) $$ \delta S[x] = -\frac{m}{2}\int_{\lambda_0}^{\lambda_1}\frac{- \frac{\partial g_{\alpha \beta}}{\partial x^\delta} \delta x^\delta \tfrac{dx^{\alpha}}{d\lambda}\tfrac{dx^{\beta}}{d\lambda} - 2g_{\alpha\beta} \frac{d \delta x^\alpha}{d\lambda}\frac{d x^\beta}{d\lambda}}{\sqrt{-g_{\mu\nu}(x(\lambda))\, \tfrac{dx^{\mu}}{d\lambda}\tfrac{dx^{\mu}}{d\lambda}}} d\lambda\:. $$ Notice that $x$ appears in $g_{\mu\nu}=g_{\mu\nu}(x)$, too, and it gives rise to the contribution $\frac{\partial g_{\mu\nu}(x)}{\partial x^\sigma}\delta x^\sigma$ you mentioned in your question.

The denominator in the integral does not vanish as we are varying our curve in the class of timelike curves joining the two fixed endpoints.

Integrating by parts, one gets: $$ \frac{2}{m}\delta S[x] = \int_{\lambda_0}^{\lambda_1}\delta x^\delta\frac{ \frac{\partial g_{\alpha \beta}}{\partial x^\delta} \tfrac{dx^{\alpha}}{d\lambda}\tfrac{dx^{\beta}}{d\lambda} }{\sqrt{-g_{\mu\nu}(x(\lambda))\, \tfrac{dx^{\mu}}{d\lambda}\tfrac{dx^{\mu}}{d\lambda}}} d\lambda -\int_{\lambda_0}^{\lambda_1} \delta x^\alpha\frac{d}{d \lambda}\frac{2g_{\alpha\beta} \frac{d x^\beta}{d\lambda} }{\sqrt{-g_{\mu\nu}(x(\lambda))\, \tfrac{dx^{\mu}}{d\lambda}\tfrac{dx^{\mu}}{d\lambda}}} d\lambda + [...]\delta x^\alpha(\lambda_1)-[...]\delta x^\alpha(\lambda_0)\:. $$ The last two terms can be dropped as they vanish by hypothesis. Changing the name of some summed indices we end up with:

$$ \frac{2}{m}\delta S[x] = \int_{\lambda_0}^{\lambda_1}\delta x^\delta\left[\frac{ \frac{\partial g_{\alpha \beta}}{\partial x^\delta} \tfrac{dx^{\alpha}}{d\lambda}\tfrac{dx^{\beta}}{d\lambda} }{\sqrt{-g_{\mu\nu}(x(\lambda))\, \tfrac{dx^{\mu}}{d\lambda}\tfrac{dx^{\mu}}{d\lambda}}} -\frac{d}{d \lambda}\frac{2g_{\delta\beta} \frac{d x^\beta}{d\lambda} }{\sqrt{-g_{\mu\nu}(x(\lambda))\, \tfrac{dx^{\mu}}{d\lambda}\tfrac{dx^{\mu}}{d\lambda}}} \right]d\lambda\:. $$ Since the LHS vanishes for every choice of the variation $\delta x^\delta(\lambda)$, we conclude that $\delta S[x]=0$ on a curve $x=x(\lambda)$ is equivalent to the requirement that the said curve verifies: $$\frac{ \frac{\partial g_{\alpha \beta}}{\partial x^\delta} \tfrac{dx^{\alpha}}{d\lambda}\tfrac{dx^{\beta}}{d\lambda} }{\sqrt{-g_{\mu\nu}(x(\lambda))\, \tfrac{dx^{\mu}}{d\lambda}\tfrac{dx^{\mu}}{d\lambda}}} -\frac{d}{d \lambda}\frac{2g_{\delta\beta} \frac{d x^\beta}{d\lambda} }{\sqrt{-g_{\mu\nu}(x(\lambda))\, \tfrac{dx^{\mu}}{d\lambda}\tfrac{dx^{\mu}}{d\lambda}}} =0\:.\quad (1)$$ We can change parameter and use the proper time $d\tau$ so that: $$d\lambda \sqrt{-g_{\mu\nu}(x(\lambda))\, \tfrac{dx^{\mu}}{d\lambda}\tfrac{dx^{\mu}}{d\lambda}} = d\tau$$ and (1) becomes: $$\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial g_{\alpha \beta}}{\partial x^\delta} \frac{dx^{\alpha}}{d\tau}\frac{dx^{\beta}}{d\tau} -\frac{d}{d \tau}g_{\delta\beta} \frac{d x^\beta}{d\tau} =0\:.\quad (2)\:.$$ Expanding the last derivative changing the name of $\beta$ to $\mu$ in the last term: $$\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial g_{\alpha \beta}}{\partial x^\delta} \frac{dx^{\alpha}}{d\tau}\frac{dx^{\beta}}{d\tau} - \frac{\partial g_{\delta\beta}} {\partial x^\sigma} \frac{d x^\sigma}{d\tau}\frac{d x^\beta}{d\tau} -g_{\delta\mu} \frac{d^2 x^\mu}{d\tau^2} =0\:.\quad (2)\:.$$ In other words: $$\frac{d^2 x^\mu}{d\tau^2} - g^{\delta\mu} \frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial g_{\alpha \beta}}{\partial x^\delta} \frac{dx^{\alpha}}{d\tau}\frac{dx^{\beta}}{d\tau} + g^{\delta\mu} \frac{\partial g_{\delta\beta}} {\partial x^\sigma} \frac{d x^\sigma}{d\tau}\frac{d x^\beta}{d\tau} =0\:.$$ Renaming some indices: $$\frac{d^2 x^\mu}{d\tau^2} + \frac{1}{2}g^{\mu\delta}\left(2\frac{\partial g_{\delta \beta}}{\partial x^\sigma} - \frac{\partial g_{\sigma\beta}} {\partial x^\delta}\right) \frac{d x^\sigma}{d\tau}\frac{d x^\beta}{d\tau} =0\:.$$ Eventually, exploiting $g_{\delta \beta}= g_{\beta\delta}$: $$\frac{d^2 x^\mu}{d\tau^2} + \frac{1}{2}g^{\mu\delta}\left(\frac{\partial g_{\delta \beta}}{\partial x^\sigma} + \frac{\partial g_{\beta \delta}}{\partial x^\sigma}- \frac{\partial g_{\sigma\beta}} {\partial x^\delta}\right) \frac{d x^\sigma}{d\tau}\frac{d x^\beta}{d\tau} =0\:.$$ Now notice that: $$\frac{\partial g_{\delta \beta}}{\partial x^\sigma} \frac{d x^\sigma}{d\tau}\frac{d x^\beta}{d\tau} = \frac{\partial g_{\delta \sigma}}{\partial x^\beta} \frac{d x^\beta}{d\tau}\frac{d x^\sigma}{d\tau}=\frac{\partial g_{\delta \sigma}}{\partial x^\beta} \frac{d x^\sigma}{d\tau}\frac{d x^\beta}{d\tau}$$ so the found identity can be re-written as: $$\frac{d^2 x^\mu}{d\tau^2} + \frac{1}{2}g^{\mu\delta}\left(\frac{\partial g_{\delta \sigma}}{\partial x^\beta} + \frac{\partial g_{\beta \delta}}{\partial x^\sigma}- \frac{\partial g_{\sigma\beta}} {\partial x^\delta}\right) \frac{d x^\sigma}{d\tau}\frac{d x^\beta}{d\tau} =0\:.$$ We have found: $$\frac{d^2 x^\mu}{d\tau^2} + \Gamma^\mu_{\sigma_\beta}\frac{d x^\sigma}{d\tau}\frac{d x^\beta}{d\tau} =0\:,$$ as wished.