Tuesday, February 19, 2019

special relativity - Derivation of Lorentz boosts


I was deriving the matrix form of Lorentz boosts and I came up with a doubt. I don't think I quite understand hyperbolic rotations.


The stadard basis of the Minkowski space is given by {e0,e1,e2,e3}, where the square norm of any vector x=x0e0+x1e1+x2e2+x3e3 is |x|2=x20x21x22x23. Note: x0 is the time component (e0 indicates time axis), x1,x2,x3 is the spatial component (e1,e2,e3 indicate the x,y, and z axis).


Let Bi be a Lorentz boost in the ith direction. This boost will only modify the time component and the ith component, and like any other lorentz transformation, it will preserve the norm of any vector. Consider Bie0=ae0+bei=e0. Then,


(Bie0)2=e20=1


a2b2=1


The solutions of this lie on a hyperbola along the e0 axis. We can parametrize it and obtain:


a=coshθ and b=sinhθ


I do the same procedure for Biei=ae0+bei=ei. a and b satisfy the equation: b2a2=1 which is a hyperbola along the ei axis.



My intuition: I imagine the e0 as the horizontal axis in the x-y plane and the ei as the vertical axis. If I shift e0 by and angle θ (counterclockwise) over the hyperbola, the resulting vector e0 will fall on the first quadrant. So e0=coshθe0+sinhθei. Now I need to shift ei by the same angle (counterclockwise) over the corresponding hyperbola so that I can keep ei and e0 orthogonal to each other. The resulting vector ei will fall over the 2nd quadrant. So ei=sinhθe0+coshθei


For i=1, I end up with a boost Bi of the form: Bi=(coshθsinhθ00sinhθcoshθ0000100001)

when I should end up with:


Bi=(coshθsinhθ00sinhθcoshθ0000100001)

Edit: The columns of this matrix are correct because the matrix satisfies Lorentz transformation condition η=BT1ηB1 (where η is the minkowski metric tensor) while my boost matrix doesn't.
Question : Since taking the square might make me lose/add a negative sign, is there a better way to obtain e0 and e1 with all the necessary negative signs in its components? Right now I would just be using trial an error, until the boost matrix I obtain satisfies η=BT1ηB1 I appreciate any insights, thanks!



Answer



In your attempted construction, you first use the future unit-hyperbola for the tips of your unit-timelike vectors. Note that this hyperbola has spacelike tangents. In fact, following Minkowski's own construction from "Space and Time"



We decompose any vector, such as that from O to x, y, z, t into four components x, y, z, t. If the directions of two vectors are, respectively, that of a radius vector OR from O to one of the surfaces ∓F = 1, and that of a tangent RS at the point R on the same surface, the vectors are called normal to each other. Accordingly, c2tt1xx1yy1zz1=0

is the condition for the vectors with components x, y, z, t and x1, y1, z1, t1 to be normal to each other.



If R is the tip of the unit-timelike vector OR from O, the tangent to the hyperbola at R is [Minkowski-]orthogonal to OR. The "intuition" to have is that the tangent to the "circle" in that geometry is orthogonal to the radius vector.



(You don't need to use the other hyperbola [with timelike tangents].)


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