I understand that we can never see much farther than the farthest galaxies we have observed. This is because, before the first galaxies formed, the universe was opaque--it was a soup of subatomic particles that scattered all light. But before the universe was opaque, the Big Bang happened, which is where the cosmic microwave background (CMB) comes from.
If the opaque early universe scattered all light, and the first few galaxies are as far back as we can see, why is the CMB observable? Where is it coming from?
Answer
The cosmic microwave background does not originate with the big bang itself. It originates roughly 380,000 years after the big bang, when the temperature dropped far enough to allow electrons and protons to form atoms. When it was released, the cosmic microwave background wasn't microwave at all- the photons had higher energies. Since that time, they have been redshifted due to the expansion of the universe, and are presently in the microwave band.
The universe is opaque from 380,000 years and earlier. The galaxies that we can see only formed after that time. Before that, all that is observable is the CMB.
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