It is easy to construct any operator (in continuous variables) using the set of operators $$\{|\ell\rangle\langle m |\},$$ where $l$ and $m$ are integers and the operators are represented in the Fock basis, i.e any operator $\hat M$ can be written as $$\hat M=\sum_{\ell,m}\alpha_{\ell,m}|\ell\rangle\langle m |$$ where $\alpha_{\ell,m}$ are complex coefficients. My question is, can we do the same thing with the set $$\{a^k (a^\dagger)^\ell\}.$$
Actually, this boils down to a single example which would be sufficient. Can we find coefficients $\alpha_{k,\ell}$ such that $$|0\rangle\langle 0|=\sum_{k,\ell}\alpha_{k,\ell}a^k (a^\dagger)^\ell.$$ (here $|0\rangle$ is the vacuum and I take $a^0=I$)
Answer
@Accidental reminds you this is a theorem. To actually see it in your terms, use the infinite matrix representation of $a, \quad a^\dagger$ of Messiah's classic QM, v 1, ChXII, § 5. Specifically, your vacuum projection operator has a 1 in the 1,1 entry and zeros everywhere else.
The operator you chose is freaky to represent, but, purely formally, the diagonal operator for $N\equiv a^\dagger a$, $$ |0\rangle\langle 0|=(1+N) (1-N) \frac{2-N}{2} \frac{3-N}{3} \frac{4-N}{4} ... $$ would do the trick, once anti-normal ordered.
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