Sunday, May 19, 2019

integration - Possible ambiguity in using the Dirac Delta function


When doing integration over several variables with a constraint on the variables, one may (at least in some physics books) insert a $\delta\text{-function}$ term in the integral to account for this constraint.


For example, when calculating $$\displaystyle\int f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}x\mathrm{d}y\mathrm{d}z$$ subject to the constraint $$g(x,y,z)=0,$$ one may calculate instead $$\displaystyle\int f(x,y,z)\delta\left(g(x,y,z)\right)\mathrm{d}x\mathrm{d}y\mathrm{d}z.$$


The ambiguity here is that, instead of $\delta\left(g(x,y,z)\right)$, one may as well use $\delta\left(g^2(x,y,z)\right)$, $\delta\left(k g(x,y,z)\right)$ where $k$ is a constant, or anything like these to account for the constraint $g(x,y,z)=0$.


But this leads to problems, since the result of the integration will surely be changed by using different arguments in the $\delta\text{-function}$. And we all know that the $\delta\text{-function}$ is not dimensionless.



My impression is that many physical books use the $\delta\text{-function}$ in a way similar to the above example. The most recent example I came across is in "Physical Kinetics" by Pitaevskii and Lifshitz, the last volume of the Landau series.


In their footnote to Equation (1.1) on page 3, there is a term $\delta(M\cos\theta)$ to account for the fact that the angular momentum $\mathbf{M}$ is perpendicular to the molecular axis. But then, why not simply $\delta(\cos\theta)$ instead of $\delta(M\cos\theta)$?


One may say that when using $\delta(\cos\theta)$, the dimension of result is incorrect. Though such an argument may be useful in other contexts, here for this specific example the problem is that it is not clear what dimension should the result have (the very reason for me to have this question is because I don't quite understand their Equation (1.1), but I am afraid that not many people read this book).


To be clear: I am not saying the calculations in this or other books using the $\delta\text{-function}$ in a way similar to what I show above are wrong. I am just puzzled by the ambiguity when invoking the $\delta\text{-function}$. What kind of "guideline" one should follow when translating a physical constraint into a $\delta$-function? Note that I am not asking about the properties (or rules of transformation) of the $\delta\text{-function}$.


Update: Since this is a stackexchange for physics, let me first forget about the $\delta\text{-function}$ math and ask, how would you understand and derive equation (1.1) in the book "Physical Kinetics" (please follow this link, which should be viewable by everyone)?




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