general relativity - Given a set of curved geodesics in 2D space, is there a way to determine the geometrical shape of said space?

I know that the geodesics for Euclidean Space are straight lines and likewise in the absence of forces like gravity, the geodesics are straight lines. But what if you took some curved lines and tried to work backwards to determine the geometry of the space consisting of the curved geodesics. How would one go about determining the shape of this space? Would this even be a possible or useful approach?

Answer

From the set of geodesic, as the previous answers, the shape of the space-time can be partially determined. However knowing a bit more of information, the metric can be fully delimited in a neighborhood of every point. I think is a useful calculation, because represents how we can, as observers inside of the spacetime determine the nature of it through experiments.

The argument is an sketch of the one given in Sec 3.2 in "Large Scale Structure of the Space-Time" by Hawking and Ellis"

Given the null-vectors of the spacetime, the functional form of the metric is determined by local causality and the material content.

• Part 1: Geodesics and null-vector relation

Consider an observer in the spacetime at a point $p$. The observer can throw test particles that will move under non-spacelike geodesics. The tangent vector of the geodesic is an element of $T_p$. Throwing enough test particles following different geodesics (which is equivalent to know all the time-like geodesics that pass through $p$) we can determine the null cone.

In simple words, throwing particles from $p$ and seeing which points of the manifold can be reached, the null cone can be determined as the boundary of such hypersurface.

• Part 2: The null cone determine the functional form of the metric up to a conformal factor.

Consider known all the vectors of the null cone, as well as the timelike vectors (i.e. we can distinguish which geodesic are causal in our spacetime). Then every vector of the spacetime that is not null nor timelike, must be spacelike.

Let $\mathbf{T}$ be a timelike vector, and $\mathbf{S}$ a spacelike vector. Then there exist two values of $\lambda\in\mathbb{R}-\{0\}$ for which $\mathbf{T}+\lambda\mathbf{S}$ is null, so

$$ 0=\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{T}+\lambda\mathbf{S},\mathbf{T}+\lambda\mathbf{S})=\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{T},\mathbf{T})+2\lambda\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{T},\mathbf{S})+\lambda^2\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{S},\mathbf{S}) $$

This is a polynomial on $\lambda$ for which the roots $\lambda_1,\lambda_2$ are known (since we know all the vectors, and their character, we can determine for a given pair $\mathbf{T},\mathbf{S}$ which $\lambda$ makes $\mathbf{T}+\lambda\mathbf{S}$ null), then is true that:

$$ \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{T},\mathbf{T})+2\lambda\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{T},\mathbf{S})+\lambda^2\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{S},\mathbf{S})=\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{S},\mathbf{S})(\lambda-\lambda_1)(\lambda-\lambda_2)\Rightarrow \lambda_1\lambda_2=\frac{\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{T},\mathbf{T})}{\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{S},\mathbf{S})} $$

So the ratio between the norm of a timelike and spacelike vector can be found knowing the null cone.

Now let $\mathbf{W},\mathbf{Z}$ be two non-null vectors, then

$$ \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{W},\mathbf{Z})=\frac{1}{2}\left(\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{W},\mathbf{W})+\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{Z},\mathbf{Z})-\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{W+Z},\mathbf{W+Z})\right) $$

Each of the terms on the RHS can be connected to $\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{S},\mathbf{S})$ using different values of $\lambda_1,\lambda_2$. Sor for every pair $\mathbf{W},\mathbf{Z}$, the value of $\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{W},\mathbf{Z})$ is known up to a factor $\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{S},\mathbf{S})$.

• Part 3: The material content determine the conformal factor up to a measuring gauge.

For now we have that $\mathbf{\hat{g}}=\Omega^2\mathbf{g}$ where $\mathbf{g}$ is known.

Let the energy momentum tensor for the material fields be $T^{ab}$, satisfying $\nabla_aT^{ab}=0$. Since the spacetime must be locally Minkowsky (equivalent to take normal coordinates), there is a neighbourhood of $p$ in which we can define "almost killing vectors", taking the killing vectors of the minkowsky spacetime $K_a$. Since $K_aT^{ab}$ is a conserved current in Minkowsky, it will be almost conserved in our neighbourhood, in the sense that the first approximation vanishes. In particular that means that energy and momentum conservation hold approximatelly in the neighbourhood of $p$.

Given the timelike geodesic with respect to the metric $\mathbf{g}$ trajectory of a particle $\gamma(t)$ with tangent vector $\mathbf{K}=\partial_t$, the geodesic equation reads:

$$ K^{\left[b\right.}\frac{\mathbf{\hat{D}}}{\partial_t}K^{\left.a\right]}=K^{\left[b\right.}\frac{\mathbf{D}}{\partial_t}K^{\left.a\right]}-(K^cK^d\hat{g}_{cd})K^{\left[b\right.}g^{\left.a\right]e}\partial_e(\log\Omega) $$

Since $\gamma$ is a geodesic with respect $\mathbf{g}$, the first term vanishes. By considering another curve $\gamma^\prime$ whose tangent vector is not paralell to $\mathbf{K}$ $\Omega$ can be found up to a constant factor. This constant factor correspond to an arbitrary normalization (i.e. choosing a measure of time).