$TdS=dU+PdV$
is one of my favourite equations in all of physics. I have used it many times, in particular to obtain the Helmholtz free energy; my favourite state function. One thing I am not 100% sure of though is whether this equation is still valid during phase changes. I believe it is, as I believe you should be able to take a revisable path, whence I think this equation should hold, but I thought I would ask.
Is this equation valid through phase changes? Or have I got it wrong?
Answer
$$dU = TdS - pdV$$ The first term is associated with energy change during phase changes (entropy in a volume changes),
while the second term is about volume changes in the gas and the energy associated (constant $N$ and $T$). When a phase change occurs the entropy of that substance changes even as its temperature stays the same. A substance in solid phase has low entropy; in liquid phase, it has medium entropy; in gas phase, it has high entropy. So changes into different phases change entropy (heat increase/decrease)
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