In the electromagnetic Uniqueness theorem, we consider a volume V enclosed by a surface S. It is initially assumed that two different fields are valid solutions for the Maxwell's equations with the same sources, Ea,Ha and Eb,Hb.
Then we consider the difference fields δE=Ea−Eb and δH=Ha−Hb and the solution is unique if δE=0, δH=0.
Any possible proof needs that (with phasors)
∮SδE×δH∗⋅dS=0
(then with other considerations it will lead to δE=0, δH=0. An example of the complete procedure may be found here, NB: pdf).
ˆn is the unit vector normal to S and in the integral dS=dSˆn.
The above integral vanishes if ˆn×E or ˆn×H (or both) is specified and this is possible in a finite volume V if are known the boundary conditions.
But what if the volume is infinite? We only have the Sommerfeld conditions (assuming that −ˆn is the direction of propagation of the fields):
limr→∞r|E|<q1
limr→∞r|H|<q2
limr→∞r(E+ηH׈n)=0
limr→∞r(H+ˆn×Eη)=0
with q1,q2 arbitrary real constants. They don't give a direct value for ˆn×E; they just relate ˆn×E with ˆn×H (which are the tangential components on the infinite S) and they state that the power of the fields is exiting from V. So the fields are not constrained to have a fixed value and direction: it is sufficient that E×H∗ is exiting from S and there may be many Eb,Hb which satisfy the Maxwell's equations in addition to Ea,Ha.
If the sources are the same, we also know that both Ea,Ha and Eb,Hb carry the same power to infinity; but the power of the difference field δE,δH does not seem to be the difference of the single powers! So, how to prove even in this case that the above integral vanishes?
The Sommerfeld conditions were exactly established in order to prove the uniqueness of the solution in this case, with an infinite volume. So, what is the trick? How can we use the Sommerfeld condition to vanish the above integral?
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