I'm curious of which inconsistencies in observable phenomenons will there be if the model of strong nuclear force between protons in the nucleus will by changed by a model in which the proton's and the electron's electric charges in atoms neutralize each other? So for example the energy content of both the vanishing fields from protons and electrons have to go somewhere, maybe increasing the mass of the particles and emitting photons.
Answer
If I understand you correctly, you're proposing a straw-man model where
there isn't a strong force that overcomes electric repulsion among protons inside the nucleus, but
instead, the negative charge from the electron cloud somehow cancels out the proton repulsion, allowing the nucleus to stabilize.
I can immediately think of at least two issues with this. First, there'd be no reason for the proton cloud to have different radius than the electron cloud --- certainly not by five orders of magnitude as in real nuclei. (I suspect, but haven't researched, that this might have been the approach taken in the historical "plum pudding" model of the atom.)
Second, if the proton-proton interaction were somehow stabilized by the presence of electrons, that'd suggest that ionized nuclei should be unstable against proton emission. That's not the case. In fact there's a famous counterexample. Neutral beryllium-7 may decay to neutral lithium-7 plus an electron neutrino by electron capture, and does so on Earth with a lifetime of a month or two. However it's a low-energy decay --- so low-energy that the corresponding decay by positron emission is energetically forbidden. Bare beryllium-7 nuclei are therefore stable against weak decays and appear in the primary cosmic ray spectrum.
I'm sure there are other issues; those were just the first two that came to mind.
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